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THE SQUARE AND COMPASSES - In search of Freemasonry

by Rt W Bro Don Falconer PM, PDGDC
MASONIC QUALIFICATIONS - PREAMBLE - CONTENTS

Rt W Bro Donald FALCONER, VII°
Second Grand Master Mason, The Operatives.

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Craft: PM, PDGDC, Scottish Constitution, NSW Constitution
Previously also English Constitution

Royal Arch: PZ, PDGDC,
Scottish Constitution

Cryptic Council: PTIM,
Scottish Constitution
Previously also English Constitution

Lodge & Council: PWCN, PMEC,
Scottish Constitution

Allied Masonic Degrees:
PM, DGSW, PGStBr,
English Constitution

Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests:
PHP, PGIVP, English Constitution

Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite:
PMWS, PGC, 31º,
Scottish Constitution

Worshipful Society of Free Masons, Rough Masons, Wallers, Slaters, Paviors, Plaisterers and Bricklayers, the Operatives: VIIº, Second Grand Master Mason.

Also a member of the following Orders for more than forty years:
Royal Order of Scotland
The Order of the Temple,
Scottish Constitution.
Rome and the Red Cross of Constantine etc,
Previously Scottish Constitution, now NSW Constitution

Previously also a long-term member of the following Orders:
Order of the Secret Monitor, English and then NSW Constitution
Societas Rosicruciana in Scotia

PREAMBLE

 

 

Freemasonry has played a positive role in the development of civilisation and the advancement of moral attitudes and religious observances in all ages of recorded history.

 

 

Ever since our primitive ancestors first began to think about their origins and to contemplate the existence of a divine creator, freemasonry has played a vital role in the development of civilisation and the parallel growth of religion. Few realise how important freemasonry has been in establishing the welfare of human beings. In this context, the origins of freemasonry have been examined and its accomplishments as a civilising force have been traced through the evolution of the human race. The precepts and teachings of freemasonry, which reflect freemasonry’s humanitarian and religious associations during the last ten millennia or longer, also are considered in some detail.

 

This book differs from the usual books on freemasonry, both in its subject matter and in its approach to the various subjects covered. It gathers together a series of discussion papers prepared by the author and presented to various masonic bodies during the last forty years. It is intended to provide a stimulus and hopefully an inspiration for anyone wanting to know how freemasonry originated and what it is about. The original papers were prepared as separate entities, each intended to consider some specific aspect of freemasonry. References to subjects beyond the scope of a paper, but about which it would be helpful for the reader to have some knowledge, are as brief as possible consistent with their bearing upon the discussion. Related aspects of importance usually are covered in separate papers. Most of the assembled papers have been revised and amplified more than once, many several times, to reflect the latest archaeological discoveries and related research, as well as the continuing developments in science. In this respect the advances in knowledge that have been achieved during the second half of the twentieth century have been truly remarkable.

 

The original papers have been incorporated into this book as chapters arranged in a logical sequence. The author hopes that each chapter will provide a useful basis for discussions by interested groups. The texts of the papers have therefore been used without change, no attempt having been made to consolidate the subject matter, nor to remove references to related aspects. For this reason similar references may appear in more than one chapter, for which the author offers no apology. Although most chapters could be presented and discussed in a single session, sometimes more than one session would be appropriate for the scope and importance of the subject. Publications the author thinks are of particular interest in relation to a subject are referred to at the appropriate place in the text.

 

Contrary to a hypothesis sometimes put forward, speculative freemasonry is not a recent invention, but evolved in lodges of operative freemasons in conjunction with the practice of the stonemason's craft. Humans differ from other animals, because they have an insatiable curiosity concerning their origins and the environment in which they live. As a direct consequence of this, speculative freemasonry developed in lodges of operative freemasons as a natural extension of the mental and spiritual attempts of human beings to unravel their origins, to comprehend the meaning of life and to perceive their ultimate destiny. The environment in which operative freemasons worked and the tools and methods they employed were unique sources of inspiration, as well as providing an ideal basis for symbolic representation that was always ready to hand. Although freemasonry began in ancient times as an entirely practical enterprise, to satisfy the needs of day-to-day life, the advancement of civilisation soon involved the craft in the construction of buildings for various religious purposes. This intimate and continuing association with moral and spiritual influences naturally encouraged the growth of the speculative aspects of freemasonry, which evolved concurrently with the operative art.

 

The progress of freemasonry, from the times of the nomadic hunter-gatherers until the introduction of purely speculative freemasonry in the eighteenth century, is a continuing theme in this book. Of paramount importance was the positive role played by freemasonry in the development of civilisation and the advancement of moral attitudes and religious observances in all ages of recorded history. In the fulfilment of its role, freemasonry has always provided its services without regard to the race, religion or creed of the people, wherever the freemasons may have been working. This approach has been perpetuated in speculative freemasonry, in which members are required to be of good character and to have a belief in God, irrespective of race or religion. All of these aspects have been discussed in this book, in which the author has attempted to show the relationship between freemasonry and the people of the land in diverse countries and over a long spectrum of time. The principles, tenets and symbolism of freemasonry have also been compared with the religious beliefs of the people in the various countries as and when they are relevant to the discussion.

 

Although reference is made to many of the long held beliefs concerning the origins and purpose of freemasonry, it is not the author’s intention in this book to perpetuate any that are not sustainable. On the contrary, it has been the author's endeavour only to illustrate the way in which freemasonry probably evolved and to show how it has been a positive influence in the everyday life of humanity from time immemorial. It must also be emphasised that any opinions expressed and views incorporated in this book are those of the author. They may or may not be accepted or supported by some or any of the Grand Lodges and other controlling bodies to which the various masonic organizations owe allegiance.

 

Finally, the author expresses his sincere appreciation to all those who have shown an interest in his papers and have participated in discussions with him these many years past and still do. Without their support and encouragement the original papers would not have been prepared, nor would the publication of this book have come to fruition. Special thanks are due to my wife Jean for her forbearance and for proofreading every paper when it was written; also to my eldest son, Brother Graeme Falconer, for his critical review of the final draft, especially in respect to the historical, philosophical and scientific information presented; and to Brother Lowell Tarling for his invaluable assistance - he was the driving force behind the publication of my papers in book form. The author will feel well rewarded if his book proves to be of interest and benefit to freemasons and to any others of an enquiring mind who may read it.

 

Donald H B Falconer

 

Sydney, N.S.W.

November 1999

 

 

 

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

 

 

The author wishes to express his appreciation to the many readers of the original edition of this book, in Australia and from around the world, who have been sufficiently interested to communicate their comments and questions. This revised and enlarged edition includes much additional information, some incorporated into the original chapters and some as additional chapters, which the author hopes has responded to most of the suggestions made and questions raised.

 

Donald H B Falconer

 

Sydney, N.S.W.

November 2002

 

 

 

 

THE SQUARE AND COMPASSES

 

IN SEARCH OF FREEMASONRY

 

 

 

CONTENTS

 

 

 

Preamble and Preface to the Second Edition

 

 

 

3

 

 

Part 1 – The Heritage of Freemasonry

 

 

9

 

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

 

The Origin and Evolution of Speculative Freemasonry

Freemasonry and Religion

The Legacy of Operative Freemasonry

History – A Key Element in Freemasonry

Speculative Craft Freemasonry

The Precepts of Freemasonry

The Symbols of Freemasonry

The Traditional Degrees in Freemasonry

The Pilgrimage and Symbolism

                                         of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite

 

11

21

37

49

61

71

77

85

 

103

 

 

Part 2 – Symbolism and the Teachings of Freemasonry

 

 

119

 

121

127

133

141

151

163

175

183

193

201

207

215

223

231

 

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

 

The Perfect Points of Entrance

Ceremonial Preparation

The Rite of Circumambulation

The Symbolism of Light

The Names of God

The Symbolism of Colours

The Form and Orientation of the Lodge

East and West in Symbolism

The Three Great Pillars

The Interior of the Lodge

The Four Tassels

The Symbolism of Ladders

The Jewels of the Lodge

The Point Within a Circle

 

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

 

The Lewis

The Two Great Pillars of Solomon’s Temple

Geometry and the Sacred Symbol

The Number Five in Symbolism

The Symbolism of Seven and Other Mystical Numbers

Intellect and Symbolism

The Nobility of Labour

The Working Tools of the Craft

The Tracing Boards

The Tracing Board of a Master Mason

239

247

259

267

277

285

293

301

317

327

 

Part 3 – Freemasonry, Religion and Civilisation

 

 

343

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

Archaeology and Freemasonry

Creation, Civilisation and the Flood

Ancient Astronomy, Religion and Freemasonry

Irrigation, Freemasonry and the Rise of Civilisation

The Temples of Baalbek

The Temples at Jerusalem

Jerash – A City in the Wilderness

Petra – A Crossroads in the Desert

Angkor – A Synthesis of Freemasonry and Irrigation

Freemasonry and the Holy Grail

345

355

373

393

405

415

427

435

443

451

 

 

Part 4 – Freemasonry, Science and Mankind

 

 

 

461

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

Order or Chaos

Cosmology and the Precepts of Freemasonry

Spacetime in the Creation

Matter in Evolution

The Light of the Universe

Time and Eternity

Human Destiny and the Cosmos

Freemasonry in Society

463

469

481

493

499

505

511

521

 

 

Relevant Reading

 

 

529

 

 

Index

 

 

539